WinAVRTM User Manual - 20050214

by Eric B. Weddington
<arcanum@users.sf.net>

WinAVRTM (pronounced "whenever") is a suite of executable, open source software development tools for the Atmel AVR series of RISC microprocessors hosted on the Windows platform. It includes the GNU GCC compiler for C and C++.

1.0 What's New

Below is just a sample of what's new.

WARNING: avrdude-gui is in an alpha stage and is included as a preview. Use at your own risk!

2.0 WinAVR Installation

This section describes various information and notes about the installation of WinAVR.

2.1 Manifest

  1. GNU Binutils 2.15 + coff-avr-patch (20030831) 

    Binary utilities for AVR target (including assembler, linker, etc.).

    With the following patches:

  2. GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) 3.4.3 

    C language and C++ language compiler for AVR target. There are
caveats for using the C++ compiler. See the installed avr-libc
User Manual in the <InstallDir>\doc directory.

    With the following patches:

  3. avr-libc 1.2.3 

    C Standard Library for AVR.

  4. avrdude 4.4.0cvs 

    avrdude is an open source programmer software that is user extensible.

  5. avrdude-gui 0.2.0 

    avrdude-gui is a GUI front end to the avrdude program.

  6. uisp 20050207 

    uisp is another open source programmer software.

  7. GNU Debugger (GDB) 6.1 

    It's a debugger.

  8. Insight 6.1 

    This is GDB with a GUI!

    With the following patches:

  9. avarice 2.3 

    avarice is a program for interfacing the Atmel JTAG ICE to GDB and users
can debug their AVR. Use it in conjunction with GDB.

  10. simulavr 0.1.2.1 

    simulavr is used in conjunction with GDB to provide AVR simulation.

  11. dwarfdump 20041122 

    This utility can display lots of information about your ELF file that
contains DWARF2 debugging information.

  12. SRecord 1.21 

    SRecord is a collection of powerful tools for manipulating EPROM load files.
It reads and writes numerous EPROM file formats, and can perform many
different manipulations.

  13. MFile 

    An automatic makefile generator for AVR GCC.

  14. Programmers Notepad 2.0.5.32 

    Programming editor and IDE. This editor includes the Scintilla editor
component.

  15. TkInfo 2.6 

    A graphical browser for files in the GNU hypertext "info" format,
written in Tcl/Tk.

  16. Cygwin DLLs 

    Certain DLLs from the Cygwin project are required for specific included
packages. See the Build Notes section for which packages require which DLL.

    NOTE: Not all executables require these Cygwin DLLs.

  17. Many native Win32 GNU programs and utilities including make and bash.

  18. Tofrodos 1.6 

    A command-line text file line-ending convertor.

  19. A Makefile Template for you to use in your projects.

  20. Documentation in many formats for the various projects.

  21. Source code patches used to build the various projects.

2.2 Layout

Listed below are some directories you might want to know about.

<install> = The directory where you installed WinAVR.

<install>\bin

The AVR software development programs. This directory should be in your PATH environment variable. This includes:

<install>\utils\bin

A collection of Unix programs built for the Windows platform. The programs make and sh (bash) reside here. This directory should be in your PATH environment variable.

<install>\avr\lib

avr-libc libraries, startup files, linker scripts, and stuff.

<install>\avr\include

avr-libc header files. This is where, for example, #include <string.h> comes from.

<install>\avr\include\avr

avr-libc header files specific to the AVR microprocessor. This is where, for example, #include <avr/io.h> comes from.

<install>\lib

GCC libraries, other libraries,headers and stuff.

<install>\libexec

GCC program components

<install>\doc

Various documentation. Before asking, RTFM! :-)

<install>\info

This also contains much documentation in the Info format.

<install>\examples

Example projects with source code. Have fun!

<install>\sample

Sample makefile (see below). Batch files to use in compiling from AVR Studio (see below).

<install>\pn

Programmers Notepad

<install>\mfile

MFile

<install>\source

Documentation on where to find the source code for the various projects and source code patches that were used to build the tools.

2.3 PATH Environment Variable

There are two directories in WinAVR that contain executable programs. If <install> is your install directory then these two directories are:

<install>\bin
<install>\utils\bin

The <install>\bin directory contains the software development toolset proper. This includes GNU binutils, GCC, and other programs.

The <install>\utils\bin contains many miscellaneous Unix or GNU programs that are built for Windows. This includes sh (bash) and make among a host of other things.

For your operating system to easily locate these directories, they must be put at the beginning of the PATH environment variable. WinAVR can do this automatically upon installation, if you selected this option.

These programs are put into two seperate directories in case you want to use a different set of utility programs than the set that comes with WinAVR.

If you do not wish to use the utilities that comes with WinAVR, remove the <install>\utils\bin directory from your PATH environment variable.

For Windows 95 and 98 users, see the autoexec.bat file in the root drive where your OS is installed. This is usually in C:\.

For all other Windows users, the WinAVR installer modifies this registry key: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Environment\Path

IMPORTANT: On Windows NT/2K/XP you must have Administrator priviledges for the installer to automatically put these directories in your PATH environment variable.

3.0 Toolset Background

WinAVR is a collection of executable software development tools for the Atmel AVR processor hosted on Windows.

These software development tools include:

3.1 The Toolset and Open Source

Each of the tools included in WinAVR is Open Source and/or Free Software. Each tool has it's own project, usually hosted on SourceForge or Savannah, with their own project maintainers and developers who all volunteer their time and energy to creating these tools. Look in the Links section below to find out the websites of each of these projects.

Especially note many of these programs come from the Unix and Linux platforms. These programs have been ported to the Windows platform but generally behave for a Unix-like environment. If you are not used to a Unix-like environment it can possibly be frustrating. Read as much documentation as you can. Look at examples. Search the Internet. Many links are also provided in this manual.

Also remember that this software is updated and improved continually by many people who volunteer their precious time to provide some of the best software for absolutely no cost or obligation to you. Volunteers are always welcome in furthering any of these projects!

3.2 Compiler

The compiler in WinAVR is the GNU Compiler Collection, or GCC. This compiler is incredibly flexible and can be hosted on many platforms, it can target many different different processors / operating systems (back-ends), and can be configured for multiple different languages (front-ends).

The GCC included in WinAVR is targeted for the AVR processor, is built to execute on the Windows platform, and is configured to compile C, or C++.

CAUTION: There are caveats on using C++. See the avr-libc FAQ.

Because this GCC is targeted for the AVR, the main executable that is created is prefixed with the target name: avr-gcc.exe. It is also referred to as AVR GCC.

avr-gcc is just a "driver" program only. The compiler itself is called cc1.exe for C, or cc1plus.exe for C++. Also, the preprocessor cpp.exe will usually automatically be prepended with the target name: avr-cpp.exe. The actual set of component programs called is usually derived from the suffix of each source code file being processed.

GCC compiles a high-level computer language into assembly, and that is all. It cannot work alone. GCC is coupled with another project, GNU Binutils, which provides the assembler, linker, librarian and more. Since GCC is just a "driver" program, it can automatically call the assembler and linker directly to build the final program.

3.3 Assembler, Linker, Librarian and More

GNU Binutils is a collection of binary utilities. This also includes the assembler, as. Sometimes you will see it referenced as GNU as or gas. Binutils includes the linker, ld; the librarian or archiver, ar. There are many other programs included that provide various functionality.

Note that while the assembler uses the same mnemonics as proposed by Atmel, the "glue" (pseudo-ops, operators, expression syntax) is derived from the common assembler syntax used in Unix assemblers, so it is not directly compatible to Atmel assembler source files.

Binutils is configured for the AVR target and each of the programs is prefixed with the target name. So you have programs such as:

avr-as

The Assembler.

avr-ld

The Linker.

avr-ar

Create, modify, and extract from archives (libraries).

avr-ranlib

Generate index to archive (library) contents.

avr-objcopy

Copy and translate object files.

avr-objdump

Display information from object files including disassembly.

avr-size

List section sizes and total size.

avr-nm

List symbols from object files.

avr-strings

List printable strings from files.

avr-strip

Discard symbols.

avr-readelf

Display the contents of ELF format files.

avr-addr2line

Convert addresses to file and line.

avr-c++filt

Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols.

See the binutils user manual for more information on what each program can do.

3.4 C Library

avr-libc is the Standard C Library for AVR GCC. It contains many of the standard C routines, and many non-standard routines that are specific and useful for the AVR processor.

NOTE: The actual library is currently split into two main parts, libc.a and libm.a, where the latter contains mathematical functions (everything mentioned in <math.h>, and a bit more). Thus it is a good idea to always include the -lm linker option. The WinAVR Makefile Template automatically includes the -lm linker option. Also, there are additional libraries which allow a customization of the printf and scanf function families.

avr-libc also contains the most documentation on how to use (and build) the entire toolset, including code examples. The avr-libc user manual also contains the FAQ on using the toolset.

3.5 Making Your Software

There is one program that brings all of this together. This program is GNU make. The make program reads and interprets a makefile. A makefile is a text file that you write that lists and controls how something is made. It is most often used to control how software is made.

Each of these programs are Command Line Interface (CLI) tools. They are controlled by parameters or switches that are added to the command line. Or, in the case of make, by text files that are written and used as input.

Most commercial software development toolsets have an Integrated Development Environment (IDE). This consists of a graphical user-interface (GUI) that contains a programming editor and graphical front-ends to compiler, assembler, linker, standard C library, and librarian programs. These front-ends consist of dialog boxes which allow you to set build options and a way of creating a list of files that are in a "project". These graphical front-ends hide and encapsulate the real command-line compiler, assembler, linker, and standard library that are in the background of any software development toolset.

WinAVR is a collection of open-source, software development tools from various projects. WinAVR does not have a complete graphical IDE like a commerical toolset, yet. Because of this, learning to build software under GCC means that it would be best to learn how to use the make program and learn how to write makefiles. Learn the common flags that are used to control GCC which in turn can control gas and ld. You can learn a lot by looking at the Makefile Template that comes with WinAVR and looking up all the programs and flags in the included user manuals.

3.6 Programming

After creating your software, you'll want to program your device. There are two different software packages included that can interface with various hardware to program your device: avrdude, and uisp.

avrdude is a very flexible package. All the information about AVR processors and various hardware programmers is stored in a text database. This database can be modified by any user to had new hardware or to add an AVR processor if it is not already listed.

3.7 Debugging

Debugging encompasses simulation and emulation. Both are available in WinAVR.

The GNU Debugger (GDB) is the main package that can be used for general debugging. GDB is a command-line program only. Insight is GDB plus a GUI written in Tcl/Tk. Both GDB and Insight are configured for the AVR and the main executables are prefixed with the target name: avr-gdb, and avr-insight. There is now also a "text mode" GUI for GDB: avr-gdbtui.

To do emulation with the JTAG ICE, GDB / Insight requires a "helper" program called avarice which is also included.

NOTE: The JTAG ICE mkII is not yet supported by avarice, though this feature is planned for the future.

To do simulation, GDB / Insight requires a different "helper" program called simulavr which is also included.

There are also alternatives for simulation. Atmel offers a free package called AVR Studio which can also do simulation. The latest version of AVR Studio is 4.11. Note that AVR Studio is currently free to the public, but it is not Open Source.

Another simulation alternative is VMLab. However, this is a commercial package.

See the section, 5.0 Debugging, Simulating, and Emulating, for detailed information on debugging.

4.0 Setting Up a Project

4.1 Where's the GUI / IDE?

You won't find a typical GUI / IDE like you might be used to with other commercial cross-compilers, or like native compilers on Windows. Each of the tools in WinAVR are from their own projects. In this case, an editor or IDE is just another component in the toolset. And, everybody has their own favourite they want to use. WinAVR allows flexibility.

WinAVR comes with an editor / IDE called Programmers Notepad. This is an Open Source editor with some IDE capabilites. Because the compiler and associated utilities are all command-line driven, you are free to use whatever editor / IDE you want to provided it can call command-line programs. See below for more information on Programmers Notepad.

There is current work going on to continually improve the IDE capabilities of Programmers Notepad. Let us know if you're interested in volunteering to help on these projects.

4.2 Programmers Notepad

Programmers Notepad (PN) is an Open Source editor with some IDE features. Version 2.x is is a complete rewrite of version 1. Many new features are still being added.

PN contains the Open Source Scintilla editor component as the basis for its editor.

PN can call any command-line tool and capture it's output. This is ideal for calling the make utility, which executes your makefile, which in turn calls the compiler, linker, and other utilities used to build your software. PN will then capture the output and display it in a window. You can also click on any GCC warning or error and PN will automatically open the file and go to the line where the warning or error occurred.

To set up tools, go to the Tools menu up top, select Options, then select Tools on the left side menu. The best Scheme to add tools is under "(None - Global Tools)". After you add your tool, it will appear in the Main Menu under Tools.

4.3 Make, Makefiles, and the Makefile Template

make is a program that is widely used to build software. make reads and executes makefiles, which are descriptions of how to build something. Makefiles typical do things such as group files together, set lists of compiler and linker flags, list rules of how to compile source code to object code, how to link object files, how to convert files from one type to another, and many other things.

When you set up your project, add a makefile to control how to build your software. When you use Programmers Notepad, or other IDE, set it up to call make and have it execute your project's makefile.

A Makefile Template is included in WinAVR, which provides a lot of functionality already written for you. You can can copy it to your project's directory and easily modify it to fit your project. This Makefile Template can be found in the <install>\sample directory.

WinAVR now includes the MFile utility. MFile is a automatic makefile generator for AVR GCC written in Tcl/Tk and can run on various platforms including Windows, FreeBSD, Linux, etc. You can use this utility to help you quickly generate a makefile for your project based on some simple menu input. MFile for the Windows platform uses the WinAVR Makefile Template for it's template.

NOTE: I HIGHLY RECOMMEND THAT YOU BECOME FAMILIAR WITH THE MAKE PROGRAM AND WRITING MAKEFILES! PLEASE READ THE MAKE USER MANUAL!

For more information on the make program and writing makefiles, see the make user manual that is included or see Links below for GNU Manuals Online.

5.0 Debugging, Simulating, and Emulating

NOTE: The term "debugging" is a generic term and can mean either simulation or emulation below.

There are several different ways to go about debugging, simulating, and emulating. Each solution has their own requirements and may involve various tradeoffs.

There are open source applications that can be used for simulation and emulation, and they are included with WinAVR. Use GDB or Insight, with the simulavr back-end for simulating, or with the avarice back-end to emulate using the Atmel JTAG ICE.

There is a free application from Atmel that can be used for simulation or emulation: AVR Studio. The latest version as of this writing is 4.11. AVR Studio can be downloaded from the Atmel web site.

There are also a number of commercial simulators, such as VMLab or Proteus VSM.

In general, debugging is dependent upon:

  1. The application used to debug.

  2. The file format used.

  3. The type of debugging information generated in the object code.

Many times the application that is being used, determines the file format, and the type of debugging information that needs to be generated.

This version of the compiler can generate both DWARF2 and stabs debugging information.

NOTE: The compiler will currently default to generating DWARF2 debugging info.

If you are using the WinAVR Makefile Template, or using MFile, there is a line in the makefile that controls the type of debug information that is generated: 

DEBUG = dwarf-2

To generate stabs information change this line to: 

DEBUG = stabs

TIP: MFile can change this setting automatically through a menu option.

This line in the makefile changes the -g compiler switch that is sent to GCC. See the GCC user manual for more information.

The compiler will build your software and automatically output an ELF file.

5.1 GDB/Insight + simulavr or avarice

The GNU Debugger (GDB) can be used, with other programs, to simulate or emulate your AVR program. Insight is GDB with a GUI (written in Tcl/Tk). Insight also has a console window which provides the traditional command-line interface to GDB. The terms GDB and Insight will be used interchangably.

Use avarice with GDB for use with your JTAG In-Circuit Emulator (ICE).

Use simulavr with GDB for simulation.

See each of the package's documentation for more information on usage.

Requirements
File Format: ELF
Debugging Information: DWARF-2 (preferred) or stabs

TIP: There is a tutorial on how to use GDB and avarice at the WinAVR web site.

TIP: If you use avarice, when you specify a serial port to use with the --jtag flag, you must specify it in the form of: 

--jtag /dev/comX

where X is the COM port number you are using. This is due to the fact that avarice is linked to the Cygwin DLL, which requires a Unix-type format for the COM port number.

5.2 AVR Studio

AVR Studio 4.10 and above has a new parser component that can read ELF files natively. These ELF files must contain DWARF2 debugging information. This parser is still in beta and may not be complete.

Requirements (for AVR Studio version 4.10 and greater)
File Format: ELF
Debugging Information: DWARF-2

5.3 Commercial Simulators

Certain commercial simulators have more requirements to use their products. Namely, you must compile your software with the stabs debugging information, and you must convert your ELF file to either the COFF format or to the Atmel Extended COFF format.

Requirements (dependent upon application used)
File Format: COFF / Atmel Extended COFF
Debugging Information: stabs

The GNU Binutils program objcopy (avr-objcopy) has been patched where it can now convert from ELF to either of these formats. Note that the converter is a beta release.

The usage of avr-objcopy to convert ELF/stabs debugging information into AVR COFF debugging information is (long lines wrapped with backslashes): 

avr-objcopy \
        --debugging \
        -O $(FORMAT) \
        --change-section-address .data-0x800000 \
        --change-section-address .bss-0x800000 \
        --change-section-address .noinit-0x800000 \
        --change-section-address .eeprom-0x810000 \
        $(filename).elf $(filename).cof

where $(FORMAT) should either be coff-avr (COFF format that matches the older Atmel AVR COFF documentation, as understood by AVR Studio 3, early versions of AVR Studio 4, and also by VMLab), or coff-ext-avr (current AVR Extended COFF specification, as understood by AVR Studio 4.07+; adds long filenames and structure debugging).

There might be some warnings when you run the above, like 

Warning: file {standard input} not found in symbol table, ignoring
Warning: ignoring function __vectors() outside any compilation unit
Warning: ignoring function __bad_interrupt() outside any compilation unit

Perhaps more of them if your avr-libc has been installed with debugging symbols (the default WinAVR installation strips debugging symbols from the installed library files). There should be no other warning normally.

NOTE: The avr-objcopy usage describe above is in the Makefile Template that is included with WinAVR and in the MFile template. You should only have to call make coff to convert to AVR COFF, or call make extcoff to convert to AVR Extended COFF.

As Atmel has now moved towards the ELF file format with DWARF-2 debugging information, the (E)COFF conversion is deprecated. Thus, there is currently no ongoing development on the COFF converter. There are a few known bugs in it, in particular it is known that using forward struct references can crash the converter. Unfortunately, fixing this bug would be close to a whole rewrite of it. As a workaround, just avoid forward struct references.

Instead of writing: 

typedef struct foo *foo_p;
struct foo {
    foo_p next;
    int something;
};

reorder it to: 

struct foo {
    struct foo *next;
    int something;
};
typedef struct foo *foo_p;

That strategy is known to work around that particular bug.

5.0 Useful Additions

5.1 Operating Systems

While an Operating System, or RTOS, isn't necessary to write software for the AVR, there may be times when it is desirable. Below, are some links for free or open source operating systems / kernels for the AVR. Note that this may not be a complete list.

AvrX

AvrX is a Real-Time Multitasking Kernel.

EtherNut - Nut/OS

Ethernut is an Open Source Hardware and Software Project for building Embedded Ethernet Devices. It contains Nut/OS which is an intentionally simple RTOS for the ATmega128, which provides a minimum of services to run Nut/Net, the TCP/IP stack.

FreeRTOS

FreeRTOS is a portable, open source, mini Real Time Scheduler (or mini RTOS kernel).

TinyOS

TinyOS is a component-based runtime environment designed to provide support for deeply embedded systems which require concurrency intensive operations while constrained by minimal hardware resources.

Contiki

Contiki is an Internet-enabled operating system and desktop environment for a number of smallish systems.

XMK - eXtreme Minimal Kernel

XMK is a preemptive multitasking scheduler/kernel for 8bit microcontrollers. Its goal is to provide a bare bones RTOS with a small enough footprint (RAM+ROM) to run on 8bit microcontrollers.

pico OS

pico OS is a highly configurable and very fast real time operating system (RTOS). It targets a wide range of architectures, from very small 8 bit processors and microcontrollers up to very huge platforms. An AVR port is available.

5.2 TCP/IP

Here are some links to free or open source TCP/IP implementations.

uIP - TCP/IP Stack for Embedded Microcontrollers

uIP is an implementation of the TCP/IP protocol stack intended for small 8-bit and 16-bit microcontrollers. It provides the necessary protocols for Internet communication, with a very small code footprint and RAM requirements - the uIP code size is on the order of a few kilobytes and RAM usage is on the order of a few hundred bytes.

6.0 Finding Help

WinAVR is a packaged collection of software devlopment tools built from open source projects.

There is a large community of people who use these tools. There are a number of these people who volunteer their time to help other people with problems or questions. And then there are other people who also volunteer their time to contribute to these open source projects.

The main places to find help is the Documenation and Online Sources. Please try and find the answer in the documentation first before asking for help online.

TIP: If you need to ask for help online, please read this first: How To Ask Questions The Smart Way

6.1 Documentation

The first and best place to find help is in the documentation! WinAVR includes the user manuals for many of the software tools that are shipped in the package.

The documentation for any particular package may come in different formats depending upon what is available from that package and available space in the WinAVR installation. The different documentation formats that you'll find in WinAVR are:

  1. HTML - Hyper Text Markup Language. Requires a web browser to view.

  2. PDF - Portable Document Format. Requires a PDF viewer such as Acrobat.

  3. Info - A GNU "hypertext" format. Requires an info viewer (which is included).

Additionally many user manuals can also be found online, especially packages that are part of the GNU project. You can find links to many of these in the Links section below.

For packages that have HTML, and PDF documentation, look in your <install>\doc directory.

WinAVR installs on your desktop, a shortcut to TkInfo, a graphical browser for info files. Many of the packages in WinAVR contain help ONLY in this info format, especially those from the GNU project.

WinAVR also installs on your desktop two other shortcuts. One is to the HTML documentation on avr-libc that is installed locally. The other shortcut is to the GNU Manuals online (which requires Internet connection).

6.2 Online Sources

I'll say it again:

Please try and find the answer in the documentation first before asking for help online.

TIP: If you need to ask for help online, please read this first: How To Ask Questions The Smart Way

Help for the AVR software development toolset (and specifically AVR GCC) can be found at:

AVR Freaks

All AVR, all the time! This site has several forums including a general AVR Forum and an AVR GCC Forum specifically for discussion of the GCC compiler for the AVR. They also have an Academy which contains user's projects. This gives you access to a lot of sample code, libraries, and various AVR projects.

avr-gcc-list mailing list

The avr-gcc-list is intended as a forum for dicussion about the following: Bugs, Programming technique, Installation and distributions, Hints and tips, Other avr-gcc related stuff. Note that all of the developers of the toolset are subscribed to this list!

Mikrocontroller.net

For native German speakers. They have a forum for the AVR GCC compiler.

Help for other projects and tools included in WinAVR can usually be found at the individual project's web page which usually includes links to their mailing lists.

If you need help, do not contact the WinAVR developers personally! Use these web sites and mailing lists first!

7.0 Toolset Bugs

You can fill out a relevant tracker on the WinAVR SourceForge project page, if you have one of the following:

IMPORTANT: IF THERE ARE BUGS IN THE SOFTWARE TOOLS THEMSELVES, THE MAINTAINERS OF THE INDIVIDUAL SOFTWARE PROJECTS SHOULD BE NOTIFIED IN THE APPROPRIATE MANNER, NOT ME, OR THE WINAVR PROJECT!!!!

Generally, if you encounter a bug with a library routine or a bug with a specifc AVR processor or header file, notify the avr-libc project first (see Links below). They will let you know if the bug is truly in the avr-libc project, or if it should be passed on to the GCC project. If the bug is in GCC, go to their web page (see Links below) on how to report bugs to GCC.

For bugs with Programmer's Notepad 2, see it's SourceForge web site (see Links) to issue a Bug Tracker, or email it's author (see Credits).

For bugs with avrdude, see it's Project page (see Links).

For bugs with uisp, see it's Project page (see Links).

For bugs with simulavr, see it's Project page (see Links).

For bugs with avarice, see it's Project page (see Links).

For bugs with GDB, see it's web page (see Links).

For bugs with Insight, see it's web page (see Links).

For bugs with SRecord, see it's Home page (see Links).

8.0 WinAVR FAQ

This FAQ is specific to the WinAVR package and installation. For a programming issues, see the avr-libc FAQ in the avr-libc documentation included in the WinAVR package or the avr-libc user manual online.

#1) When I run a program, why do I get the error "You have multiple copies of cygwin1.dll on your system."?

Certain packages in WinAVR are built with Cygwin and are linked to their emulation library: cygwin1.dll. If you also have Cygwin installed seperately, these programs will find the cygwin1.dll that is shipped and included with WinAVR, and will also find the cygwin1.dll in your Cygwin installation. If these versions are different, you will get this error.

WinAVR must ship the cygwin1.dll file to support it's packages, as most people do not have Cygwin installed on their system and it's not fair to ask people to install such a huge package as a prerequisite.

Unfortunately, the Cygwin FAQ says that the only way around this is to remove other copies of cygwin1.dll. This would mean either uninstalling Cygwin so the WinAVR programs work, or perhaps renaming the cygwin1.dll found in the <install>\bin directory so the WinAVR programs will use the cygwin1.dll that is in the Cygwin installation. However, if you do the latter, note that the version of cygwin1.dll you have in your Cygwin installation is probably different than the version of cygwin1.dll that was used to build the WinAVR programs. In this case, use at your own risk.

#2) I have any of the following warnings when I create a COFF file, what should I do? 

Warning: file {standard input} not found in symbol table, ignoring
Warning: ignoring function __vectors() outside any compilation unit
Warning: ignoring function __bad_interrupt() outside any compilation unit
Discarding local symbol outside any compilation unit: .__do_copy_data_start
Discarding local symbol outside any compilation unit: .__do_copy_data_loop

Nothing. These warnings can be ignored.

9.0 WinAVR Project

9.1 Build Notes

All packages are built in the Cygwin environment. Some packages use the MinGW GCC compiler package provided by Cygwin. These will be marked below with "MinGW". Other packages are built with the Cygwin GCC compiler and may have a dependency upon one or more Cygwin DLLs, which are included in WinAVR.

  1. GNU Binutils: MinGW.

  2. GCC: MinGW.

  3. avr-libc: MinGW.

  4. avrdude: MinGW.

  5. uisp: Cygwin. Requires: cygwin1.dll.

  6. GDB: Cygwin. Requires: cygwin1.dll,tcl84.dll,tk84.dll.

  7. Insight: Cygwin. Requires: cygwin1.dll,tcl84.dll,tk84.dll.

  8. AVaRICE: Cygwin. Requires: cygwin1.dll,

  9. SimulAVR: Cygwin. Requires: cygwin1.dll.

  10. SRecord: Cygwin. Requries: cygwin1.dll.

  11. TkInfo: Requires: wish84.exe,cygwin1.dll,tcl84.dll,tk84.dll.

DLL Versions:

Programmer's Notepad 2 was built by it's author, Simon Steele (see Credits). Tofrodos was built by it's author, Christopher Heng (see Credits).

9.2 Source Code

To find out more information about obtaining the source code to the software in these projects, download the corresponding Source Code package on the WinAVR Project page. To find the correct Source Code package, first look for the correct date code of the WinAVR package you want.

Previous releases had separate source code packages. Now there is just a single package. See the Links section to find where to get the source code for the various projects. See the <install>\source subdirectory for any patches to the main source that are being used.

9.3 Credits

Thank you to everyone who uses WinAVR!

Eric B. Weddington
email

Colin O'Flynn
email

9.4 TODO / Open Projects

10.0 Links

WinAVR Project
WinAVR Home Page

SourceForge

AVR Freaks

avr-gcc-list mailing list

Atmel
Atmel AVR microcontrollers
Atmel's AVR Tools and Software
Atmel Norway's AVR Tools Beta Site

GNU Project

GNU Manuals Online

GNU Binutils

GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)

GCC Manuals Online

avr-libc

avrdude

avrdude-gui

uisp

GNU Debugger (GDB)

Insight

avarice

simulavr

MFile

Programmers Notepad
Scintilla

SRecord

dwarfdump

AVR-Ada

stacktool

AvrX

EtherNut - Nut/OS

FreeRTOS

TinyOS

Contiki

XMK - eXtreme Minimal Kernel

Pico OS

uIP - TCP/IP Stack for Embedded Microcontrollers

lwIP - A Lightweight TCP/IP Stack

TkInfo

Tofrodos

OpenAVR

GNU Make

MinGW

Cygwin

Free ICE

Pymite
Pymite Doc

Jargon

Last updated 15-Feb-2005 10:38:09 MDT